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The djembe is one of West Africa's best known instruments. This goblet-shaped drum is traditionally carved from a single piece of African hardwood and topped with an animal skin as a drumhead. In western understanding, the drum belongs to the membranophone class of instruments in the percussion family.
Some say the name of the djembe came from the Bamana in Mali, who said "Anke dje, anke be" to call their people together, as the saying translates as "everyone gather together." "Dje" means gather and "be" means everyone, which gave the drum used in these calls to order its name. The Bamanakans' mythology tells of the original djembe, which was made of the hide of a giraffe-zebra hybrid called the gebraffe. There are at least a dozen stories of the history of the drum told by many master drummers. My master tells these stories and then steps back as even he, doesn't purport to know the real truth. In history, the Mandinka of Manden became the Malinke of Mali. We often refer to them as the Mandé.
The djembe drum is most likely about 400-800 years old, and was created during the Malian Empire by the Mandé people. It spanned the modern-day countries of Senegal, southern Mauritania, Mali, northern Burkina Faso, western Niger, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, the Ivory Coast and northern Ghana. The Mali Empire grew out of an area referred to by its contemporary inhabitants as Mande. Mande, named for its inhabitants the Mandinka (initially Manden’ka with “ka” meaning people of), comprised most of present-day northern Guinea and southern Mali. The empire was originally established as a federation of Mandinka tribes called the Manden Kurufa (literally Manden Federation), but it later became an empire ruling millions of people from nearly every ethnic group in West Africa.
It is taught that the Blacksmiths made the first djembes, making each drum custom-fitted to the drummer who would play it. This makes sense as they would be the people to cut the tree. The making of the drum was spiritual, and the blacksmith was obliged to make offerings to the spirits of the trees he cut down. With the lengue tree, a sacrifice would be made to ask for permission to cut the tree for a djembe. Once the blacksmith finished the djembe, it was delivered to the drummer who commissioned it, a member of the jeli caste. The jeli are musicians, who are responsible for the oral history of their people. This remains true to today.
Stem of a beautifully carved djembe in Guinea
Stem of a beautifully carved djembe in Guinea
Traditionally, only those born into the djembe family would be allowed (or interested) to play the djembe. Castes have last names that have survived to this day and if your last name (your family name) is one of those families born into the djembe, it is your instrument and possibly your job to play the drum for the village.
The djeli caste still exists today, and is responsible for the traditional music. The djeli sing and perform during rituals, baptisms, weddings and sometimes funerals, and are trusted with the music of their ancestors.
Africans say that the drum contains three spirits. The belief is that the djembe drum contains the spirit of the tree from which it was made, the spirit of the animal whose skin is played, and the spirit of the carver or the one who cut the tree and the people who assemble the drum. We would add that possibly the most important is the spirit of the ancestors. I have seen the oldest djembe known today and it has the names of generations of djembe masters from many countries and villages.
Djembe adalah salah satu instrumen paling terkenal di Afrika Barat. Drum berbentuk piala ini secara tradisional diukir dari sepotong kayu Afrika dan atasnya dengan kulit binatang sebagai drumhead. Dalam pemahaman barat, drum milik kelas instrumen membranophone dalam keluarga perkusi.
Beberapa mengatakan bahwa nama djembe berasal dari Bamana di Mali, yang mengatakan "Anke dje, anke be" untuk memanggil orang-orang mereka bersama, seperti kata pepatah yang diterjemahkan sebagai "semua orang berkumpul bersama." "Dje" berarti berkumpul dan "menjadi" berarti semua orang, yang memberi drum yang digunakan dalam panggilan ini untuk memesan namanya. Mitologi Bamanakan menceritakan djembe asli, yang terbuat dari kulit hibrida jerapah-zebra yang disebut gebraffe. Setidaknya ada selusin cerita tentang sejarah drum yang diceritakan oleh banyak drummer master. Majikan saya menceritakan kisah-kisah ini dan kemudian melangkah mundur bahkan ketika dia, tidak bermaksud untuk mengetahui kebenaran yang sebenarnya. Dalam sejarah, Mandinka Manden menjadi Malinke Mali. Kami sering menyebut mereka sebagai Mandé.
Drum Djembe kemungkinan besar berusia sekitar 400-800 tahun, dan diciptakan selama Kekaisaran Mali oleh orang-orang Mandé. Ini membentang negara-negara modern Senegal, Mauritania selatan, Mali, Burkina Faso utara, Niger barat, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Pantai Gading dan Ghana utara. Kekaisaran Mali tumbuh dari daerah yang disebut oleh penduduk kontemporernya sebagai Mande. Mande, dinamai untuk penduduknya Mandinka (awalnya Manden'ka dengan "ka" yang berarti orang-orang), terdiri dari sebagian besar Guinea Utara saat ini dan Mali selatan. Kekaisaran ini awalnya didirikan sebagai federasi suku-suku Mandinka yang disebut Manden Kurufa (secara harfiah Federasi Manden), tetapi kemudian menjadi kerajaan yang memerintah jutaan orang dari hampir setiap kelompok etnis di Afrika Barat.
Diajari bahwa Blacksmith membuat djembes pertama, membuat setiap drum disesuaikan dengan drummer yang akan memainkannya. Ini masuk akal karena mereka adalah orang-orang yang akan menebang pohon. Pembuatan drum itu spiritual, dan pandai besi wajib memberikan persembahan kepada arwah pohon yang ditebangnya. Dengan pohon lengue, pengorbanan akan dilakukan untuk meminta izin untuk memotong pohon untuk djembe. Setelah pandai besi menyelesaikan djembe, itu dikirim ke drummer yang menugaskannya, anggota kasta jeli. Jeli adalah musisi, yang bertanggung jawab atas sejarah lisan orang-orang mereka. Ini tetap berlaku sampai hari ini.
Batang djembe berukir indah di Guinea
Batang djembe berukir indah di Guinea
Secara tradisional, hanya mereka yang lahir dalam keluarga djembe yang diizinkan (atau tertarik) untuk memainkan djembe. Kasta memiliki nama belakang yang bertahan hingga hari ini dan jika nama belakang Anda (nama keluarga Anda) adalah salah satu keluarga yang lahir dalam djembe, itu adalah instrumen Anda dan mungkin tugas Anda untuk bermain drum untuk desa.
Kasta Djeli masih ada sampai sekarang, dan bertanggung jawab untuk musik tradisional. Djeli bernyanyi dan tampil selama ritual, pembaptisan, pernikahan, dan terkadang pemakaman, dan dipercaya dengan musik leluhur mereka.
Orang Afrika mengatakan bahwa drum berisi tiga roh. Keyakinannya adalah bahwa djembe drum berisi roh pohon dari mana ia dibuat, roh binatang yang kulitnya dimainkan, dan roh pemahat atau orang yang memotong pohon dan orang-orang yang mengumpulkan drum. Kami ingin menambahkan bahwa mungkin yang paling penting adalah semangat leluhur. Saya telah melihat djembe tertua yang diketahui saat ini dan memiliki nama generasi djembe master dari berbagai negara dan desa.
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